|
Background:
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For
centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the
rest of the world in the arts and sciences. But in the 19th
and early 20th centuries, China was beset by civil unrest,
major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After
World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established a
dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed
strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens
of millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping
gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized
economic decision making. Output quadrupled by 2000. Political
controls remain tight while economic controls continue to be
relaxed.
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Location:
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Eastern Asia,
bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South
China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam |
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Map references:
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Asia |
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Area:
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total:
9,596,960 sq km
land: 9,326,410 sq km
water: 270,550 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller
than the US |
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Land boundaries:
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total:
22,117 km
border countries: Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km,
Burma 2,185 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North
Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677
km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605
km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281
km |
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Coastline:
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14,500 km |
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Climate:
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extremely
diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north |
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Terrain:
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mostly mountains,
high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in
east |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point:
Turpan Pendi -154 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m |
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Natural resources:
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coal, iron ore,
petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony,
manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead,
zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest) |
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Land use:
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arable land:
13.31%
permanent crops: 1.2%
other: 85.49% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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525,800 sq km
(1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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frequent typhoons
(about five per year along southern and eastern coasts);
damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land
subsidence |
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Environment - current issues:
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air pollution
(greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance
on coal produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly in
the north; water pollution from untreated wastes;
deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural
land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;
desertification; trade in endangered species |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note:
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world's fourth
largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest
on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak; |
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Population:
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1,298,847,624
(July 2004 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years:
22.3% (male 153,401,051; female 135,812,993)
15-64 years: 70.3% (male 469,328,664; female
443,248,860)
65 years and over: 7.5% (male 46,308,923; female
50,747,133) (2004 est.) |
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Median age:
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total:
31.8 years
male: 31.5 years
female: 32.2 years (2004 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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0.57% (2004 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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12.98
births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
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Death rate:
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6.92 deaths/1,000
population (2004 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2004 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth:
1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total:
25.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 21.84 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 71.96 years
male: 70.4 years
female: 73.72 years (2004 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1%
(2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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850,000 (2001
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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30,000 (2001
est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun:
Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese |
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Ethnic groups:
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Han Chinese
91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol,
Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1% |
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Religions:
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Daoist
(Taoist), Buddhist, Muslim 1%-2%, Christian 3%-4%
note: officially atheist (2002 est.) |
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Languages:
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Standard Chinese
or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue
(Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic
groups entry) |
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Literacy:
|
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86%
male: 92.9%
female: 78.8% (2003 est.) |
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Country name:
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conventional
long form: People's Republic of China
conventional short form: China
local short form: Zhong Guo
abbreviation: PRC
local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo |
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Government type:
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Communist state |
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Capital:
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Beijing |
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Administrative divisions:
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23 provinces (sheng,
singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular
and plural), and 4 municipalities** (shi, singular and
plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Chongqing**, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**,
Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan,
Zhejiang; note - China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see
separate entries for the special administrative regions of
Hong Kong and Macau |
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Independence:
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221 BC
(unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or
Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912;
People's Republic established 1 October 1949) |
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National holiday:
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Anniversary of
the Founding of the People's Republic of China, 1 October
(1949) |
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Constitution:
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most recent
promulgation 4 December 1982 |
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Legal system:
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a complex amalgam
of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil
code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect
since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to
improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law |
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Executive branch:
|
chief of
state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003) and Vice
President ZENG Qinghong (since 15 March 2003)
elections: president and vice president elected by the
National People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last
held 15-17 March 2003 (next to be held mid-March 2008);
premier nominated by the president, confirmed by the National
People's Congress
head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March
2003); Vice Premiers HUANG Ju (since 17 March 2003), WU Yi (17
March 2003), ZENG Peiyan (since 17 March 2003), and HUI
Liangyu (since 17 March 2003)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National
People's Congress (NPC)
election results: HU Jintao elected president by the
Tenth National People's Congress with a total of 2,937 votes
(4 delegates voted against him, 4 abstained, and 38 did not
vote); ZENG Qinghong elected vice president by the Tenth
National People's Congress with a total of 2,578 votes (177
delegates voted against him, 190 abstained, and 38 did not
vote); 2 seats were vacant |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral
National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui
(2,985 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and
provincial people's congresses to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held December 2002-February 2003 (next
to be held late 2007-February 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme People's
Court (judges appointed by the National People's Congress);
Local Peoples Courts (comprise higher, intermediate and local
courts); Special Peoples Courts (primarily military, maritime,
and railway transport courts) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Chinese Communist
Party or CCP [HU Jintao, General Secretary of the Central
Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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no substantial
political opposition groups exist, although the government has
identified the Falungong spiritual movement and the China
Democracy Party as subversive groups |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of
mission: Ambassador YANG Jiechi
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
New York, and San Francisco
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2582
telephone: [1] (202) 328-2500
chancery: 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20008 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of
mission: Ambassador Clark T. RANDT, Jr.
embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 6532-3831
FAX: [86] (10) 6532-6929
consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong,
Shanghai, Shenyan |
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Economy - overview:
|
In late 1978 the
Chinese leadership began moving the economy from a sluggish,
inefficient, Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more
market-oriented system. Whereas the system operates within a
political framework of strict Communist control, the economic
influence of non-state organizations and individual citizens
has been steadily increasing. The authorities switched to a
system of household and village responsibility in agriculture
in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority
of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a
wide variety of small-scale enterprises in services and light
manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign
trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP
since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis,
China in 2003 stood as the second-largest economy in the world
after the US, although in per capita terms the country is
still poor. Agriculture and industry have posted major gains
especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong, opposite Taiwan,
and in Shanghai, where foreign investment has helped spur
output of both domestic and export goods. The leadership,
however, often has experienced - as a result of its hybrid
system - the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy and
lassitude) and of capitalism (growing income disparities and
rising unemployment). China thus has periodically backtracked,
retightening central controls at intervals. The government has
struggled to (a) sustain adequate jobs growth for tens of
millions of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises,
migrants, and new entrants to the work force; (b) reduce
corruption and other economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the
large state-owned enterprises, many of which had been shielded
from competition by subsidies and had been losing the ability
to pay full wages and pensions. From 80 to 120 million surplus
rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities,
many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. Popular
resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority
by rural cadres have weakened China's population control
program, which is essential to maintaining long-term growth in
living standards. Another long-term threat to growth is the
deterioration in the environment, notably air pollution, soil
erosion, and the steady fall of the water table especially in
the north. China continues to lose arable land because of
erosion and economic development. Beijing says it will
intensify efforts to stimulate growth through spending on
infrastructure - such as water supply and power grids - and
poverty relief and through rural tax reform. Accession to the
World Trade Organization helps strengthen its ability to
maintain strong growth rates but at the same time puts
additional pressure on the hybrid system of strong political
controls and growing market influences. China has benefited
from a huge expansion in computer internet use. Foreign
investment remains a strong element in China's remarkable
economic growth. Growing shortages of electric power and raw
materials will hold back the expansion of industrial output in
2004. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power
parity - $6.449 trillion (2003 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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9.1% (official
data) (2003 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power
parity - $5,000 (2003 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture:
14.5%
industry and construction: 51.7%
services: 33.8% (2002) |
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Population below poverty line:
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10% (2001 est.) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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1.2% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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753.6 million
(2002 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 50%,
industry 22%, services 28% (2001 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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urban
unemployment roughly 10%; substantial unemployment and
underemployment in rural areas (2003 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues:
$228.4 billion
expenditures: $267.1 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (2002 est.) |
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Industries:
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iron and steel,
coal, machine building, armaments, textiles and apparel,
petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, footwear, toys, food
processing, automobiles, consumer electronics,
telecommunications |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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16.2% (2003 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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1.42 trillion kWh
(2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel:
80.2%
hydro: 18.5%
other: 0.1% (2001)
nuclear: 1.2% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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1.312 trillion
kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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10.3 billion kWh
(2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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1.8 billion kWh
(2001) |
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Oil - production:
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3.3 million
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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4.57 million
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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30.3 billion cu m
(2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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27.4 billion cu m
(2001 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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rice, wheat,
potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton,
oilseed, pork, fish |
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Exports:
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$436.1 billion
f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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machinery and
equipment, textiles and clothing, footwear, toys and sporting
goods, mineral fuels |
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Exports - partners:
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US 21.5%, Hong
Kong 18%, Japan 14.9%, South Korea 4.8% (2002) |
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Imports:
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$397.4 billion
f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and
equipment, mineral fuels, plastics, iron and steel, chemicals |
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Imports - partners:
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Japan 18.1%,
Taiwan 12.8%, South Korea 9.7%, US 9.2%, Germany 5.6% (2002) |
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Debt - external:
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$184 billion
(2003 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
|
NA |
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Currency:
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yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB) |
|
Currency code:
|
CNY |
|
Exchange rates:
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yuan per US
dollar - 8.28 (2003), 8.28 (2002), 8.28 (2001), 8.28 (2000),
8.28 (1999) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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214.42 million
(2002) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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206.62 million
(2002) |
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Telephone system:
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general
assessment: domestic and international services are
increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed
domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers,
and many towns
domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and
cellular telephone systems have been installed; a domestic
satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place
international: country code - 86; satellite earth
stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1
Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and
Indian Ocean regions); several international fiber-optic links
to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany (2000) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 369, FM 259,
shortwave 45 (1998) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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3,240 (of which
209 are operated by China Central Television, 31 are
provincial TV stations and nearly 3,000 are local city
stations) (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.cn |
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Internet hosts:
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156,531 (2002) |
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Internet users:
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59.1 million
(2002) |
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Railways:
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total:
70,058 km
standard gauge: 68,000 km 1.435-m gauge (18,668 km
electrified)
narrow gauge: 3,600 km 1.000-m and 0.750-m gauge local
industrial lines
dual gauge: 22,640 km (not included in total) (2003) |
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Highways:
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total:
1,402,698 km
paved: 314,204 km (with at least 16,314 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 1,088,494 km (2000) |
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Waterways:
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110,000 km (1999) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 13,845 km;
oil 15,143 km; refined products 3,280 km (2003) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Dalian, Fuzhou,
Guangzhou, Haikou, Huangpu, Lianyungang, Nanjing, Nantong,
Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Shenzhen,
Tianjin, Wenzhou, Xiamen, Xingang, Yantai, Zhanjiang (2001) |
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Merchant marine:
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total:
1,850 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 18,724,653 GRT/27,749,784 DWT
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 355, cargo 822, chemical
tanker 28, combination bulk 10, combination ore/oil 2,
container 165, liquefied gas 28, multi-functional large load
carrier 8, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 46, petroleum tanker
272, rail car carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 27, roll on/roll
off 25, short-sea/passenger 39, specialized tanker 10, vehicle
carrier 4
foreign-owned: Cambodia 1, Greece 2, Hong Kong 12,
Japan 1, South Korea 2, Liberia 1, Malaysia 1, Panama 1,
Taiwan 2, Tanzania 1
registered in other countries: 790 (2003 est.) |
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Airports:
|
507 (2003 est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
|
total: 332
over 3,047 m: 49
2,438 to 3,047 m: 97
914 to 1,523 m: 22
under 914 m: 35 (2003 est.)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 129 |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total: 175
under 914 m: 66 (2003 est.)
over 3,047 m: 23
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 40
1,524 to 2,437 m: 36 |
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Heliports:
|
15 (2003 est.) |
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Military branches:
|
People's
Liberation Army (PLA): comprises ground forces, Navy
(including naval infantry and naval aviation), Air Force, and
II Artillery Corps (strategic missile force), People's Armed
Police Force (internal security troops, nominally a state
security body but included by the Chinese as part of the
"armed forces" and considered to be an adjunct to
the PLA), militia |
|
Military manpower - military age:
|
18 years of age
(2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - availability:
|
males age
15-49: 379,524,688 (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service:
|
males age
15-49: 208,143,352 (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
|
males:
12,494,201 (2004 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$60 billion (2003
est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
3.5-5.0% (FY03
est.) |
|
Disputes - international:
|
involved in
complex dispute with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam,
and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the
disputants; most of the rugged, militarized boundary with
India is in dispute, but the two sides are committed to begin
resolution with discussions on the least disputed Middle
Sector; Kashmir remains the world's largest and highly
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de
facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and
Kashmir) and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas), but
recent discussion and confidence-building measures among
parties are beginning to defuse tensions, India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to China in a 1964 boundary
agreement; in 2003 China together with Taiwan asserted their
claims to the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu
Tai) with increased media coverage and protest actions; China
and Kazakhstan have resolved their border dispute and are
working to demarcate their large open borders to control
population migration, illegal activities, and trade; certain
islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute
with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu
is indefinite - China has been attempting to stem mass illegal
migration of North Koreans escaping famine and oppression into
northern China; China continues to seek a mutually acceptable
solution to the disputed alluvial islands with Russia at the
confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers and a small island on
the Argun river as part of the 2001 Treaty of Good
Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation; boundary
delimitation agreements signed in 2002 with Tajikistan cedes
1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in return for
China's relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km, but demarcation
has not commenced; demarcation of land boundary with Vietnam
continues but maritime boundary and joint fishing zone
agreement remains unratified; China occupies Paracel Islands
also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; groups in Burma and
Thailand express concern over China's construction of 13
hydroelectric dams on the Salween River in Yunnan Province |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
major
transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country
for chemical precursors and methamphetamine |
This page was last updated on 11 May, 2004
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